Exterior Insulation and Finish Systems
(EIFS) Timeline
Background
Exterior
Insulation and Finish Systems, also known as EIFS or
synthetic stucco, are a type of cladding for exterior
building walls. EIF systems provide an exterior surface and
insulation in an integrated composite system. Polymer-based,
or Type PB, EIFS are the most common type used in the United
States. The coatings in polymer-based systems contain
substantial amounts of polymer (plastic resin). The resin
content in Type PB systems makes them softer and more
flexible than other EIFS systems. The vast majority of Type
PB systems installed in the U.S. are comprised of expanded
polystyrene insulation, adhesively or mechanically attached,
and glass-mesh reinforced synthetic surface coatings. Most
EIFS in the U.S. are barrier-type claddings; unlike
drainage-type claddings (e.g., brick, vinyl, etc.) which can
route leaks back to the outside, barrier EIF systems rely
entirely on their outside surface to prevent water
penetration and moisture intrusion. Barrier EIFS have no
internal drainage provision; accordingly, these systems
require excellent design and workmanship to produce a
weather-tight and long-lasting system. In an effort to
address moisture entrapment problems associated with barrier
systems, several EIFS manufacturers have introduced
water-management concepts to EIFS.
1940s to 1960s
Exterior
Insulation and Finish Systems are developed in Europe after
World War II to reclad bombed and damaged buildings. The
development of these systems is generally credited to
Germany. In Europe, the use of EIFS on stud/sheathing walls
is rare, as most European buildings have solid masonry
walls. European concrete or masonry substrates can function
as exterior walls without the EIFS. European EIFS tend to
have thicker and coarser finishes, which provides for better
waterproofing. The systems used in Europe also feature the
use of less portland cement and a higher resin content in
the base coat, giving the system more flexibility and water
resistance, albeit at greater cost.
1969
Rhode
Island-based Dryvit Systems, Inc. introduces EIFS to the
United States. During the oil crisis of the early and mid
1970s, EIFS becomes popular with energy-conscientious
builders and buyers, who sometimes see energy bills halved.
By 1980, EIFS cladding accounted for one-half of 1 percent
of the residential housing market.
October 1989
Building
diagnostic inspectors Mark Williams and Barbara Lamp
Williams, in an article published in Progressive
Architecture, note that the Gypsum Association,
representing 14 gypsum product manufacturers, distances
itself from the issue of moisture exposure with the
disclaimer that the performance of EIFS and their method of
attachment is the responsibility of the manufacturer. The
disclaimer is issued in response to documented instances of
the paper facing delaminating from the gypsum core in EIFS
where water has penetrated joints. The article notes that
the Gypsum Association promotes exterior gypsum sheathing as
a substrate for conventional portland cement stucco applied
to metal lath.
April 1993
Building
diagnostic inspectors Mark Williams and Barbara Lamp
Williams, in an article published in Progressive
Architecture, identify various federal government
agencies investigating the poor performance of EIFS. They
note the following:
The Dade County Florida office for the Department
of Housing and Urban Development is examining damage
caused by Hurricane Andrew on HUD-financed projects.
The Massachusetts Executive Office of Communities
and Development has commissioned a study evaluating
numerous state buildings clad with EIFS that have
performed below expectations.
The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Construction and
Engineering Research Laboratory (USACERL) has studied
various EIFS-clad military buildings (with specific
emphasis in the Midwest and the East) to determine
what problems have occurred, why they have developed,
and how to be "smart buyers" of EIFS.
July 1993
EIFS
manufacturer STO Corporation files a patent with the United
States Patent Office for a new EIF System with rain-screen
technology. This system is designed to equalize the pressure
that exists between the exterior of the home and the
interior wall cavity. The patent is issued to STO
Corporation on May 2, 1995.
November 1994
The
New Hanover County (North Carolina) Inspections Department
receives a complaint from a homeowner concerning moisture
entrapment and sheathing deterioration on an EIFS-clad home.
Inspections Director S.D. "Sky" Conklin and
assistant director J. Allen Golden investigate the
complaint.
July 1995
J.
Allen Golden, acting director of the New Hanover County
Inspections Department, receives about six separate
homeowner complaints concerning moisture entrapment and
sheathing deterioration on EIFS-clad homes. Concerned about
the possible penetration of water behind EIFS-clad homes,
Golden begins a preliminary investigation of EIFS-clad homes
in New Hanover County, which includes Wilmington. As part of
the investigation, Golden inspects the home of his friend
Bill Clontz, head of the New Hanover County Computer
Department. Using two hatpins through the stucco exterior
underneath windows and a voltmeter to check for electrical
continuity, Golden discovers moisture behind the stucco façade.
The findings and similar findings on other homes using
representative inspection sampling techniques, become part
of a database established by Golden for department findings.
August 1995
Jonathon
B. "Jay" Graham, III, is hired as director of the
New Hanover County Inspections Department to replace S.D.
"Sky" Conklin. Graham, the building inspections
administrator in Cary, North Carolina since 1987 will begin
work on September 5.
August 1995
J.
Allen Golden, acting director of the New Hanover County
Inspections Department, reports to county officials that
nearly all of the area’s estimated 3,200 houses sided with
EIFS might have damaging moisture inside their exterior
walls. Golden’s assessment is based on his preliminary
investigation of EIFS-clad homes in the Wilmington area and
is supported by database findings that reveal moisture
entrapment to 30 of 32 homes inspected by the department.
September 1995
News
reports of moisture entrapment problems associated with EIFS
in residential construction begin to reach audiences outside
of New Hanover County, North Carolina. Jay Graham, director
of the New Hanover County Inspections Department and Allen
Golden, assistant director of the department, begin to
receive inquiries from media interests around the state of
North Carolina and nationally, bringing widespread attention
to the problems associated with synthetic stucco siding. The
department’s database findings from the preliminary
investigation are shared with media interests. The
department’s database is eventually closed with data
collected from 72 homes, 70 of which reveal moisture
entrapment.
September 1995
The
National Association of Home Builders Research Center
recommends that a vinyl vapor barrier required by North
Carolina state building codes be left out of homes covered
with synthetic stucco. The recommendation comes after NAHB
officials visit Wilmington to investigate problems of wood
decay caused by moisture behind synthetic stucco facades.
September 1995
A
Stucco Task Force is established in North Carolina to
investigate the EIFS phenomenon.
The task force is made up of representatives from the local,
state and national associations of home builders, EIFS
manufacturers, the North Carolina Insurance Department, New
Hanover County Inspections Department officials, engineers,
and the Wilmington chapter of the American Institute of
Architects.
September 1995
The North
Carolina Home Builders Association issues a memorandum to
all its member chapters warning about the dangers of EIFS,
stating: "there is justifiable cause for concern that
EIFS stucco combined with an interior vapor retarder creates
a moisture trap that is unforgiving."
October 1995
Stucco
Home Owners Committee, or SHOC, forms in North Carolina. The
group eventually moves its headquarters to Atlanta at the
end of 1996. Local chapters of SHOC (some use the name
Stucco Home Owners Coalition) have sprouted throughout the
country where individual or small groups of homeowners have
taken an interest in organizing groups of homeowners with
EIFS problems.
November 1995
Harris
Specialty Chemicals, Inc., a privately-held manufacturer of
specialty formulated chemicals for the construction
industry, announces the acquisition of EIFS manufacturer
Senergy, Inc.
December 1995
Representatives
of the Consumer Protection Section of the North Carolina
Office of the Attorney General begin working with various
parties potentially liable to EIFS homeowners in an attempt
to develop an out-of-court claims resolution program which
"would be fair, simple to utilize and which would save
everyone the time, expense and headaches of protracted court
battles."
1995
The
EIFS Industry Manufacturers Association (EIMA) releases a
position paper outlining what has happened in New Hanover
County, North Carolina. The paper cites that a local home
inspectort found evidence of water penetration in
approximately 50 EIFS-clad homes. The paper further notes
that initial inspections demonstrate that while EIFS
performed properly, water intrusion may have occurred
because of related construction details, such as sealant
joints and flashings, resulting in damage to wood
substrates, wood framing, soffits, windows and interior
systems. EIMA cites that approximately 50 million square
feet of EIFS have been installed throughout the state and
that there are an estimated 3,200 EIFS homes in Wilmington,
North Carolina.
January
1996
New
Hanover County (North Carolina) Superior Court certifies a
state class action of plaintiff homeowners against defendant
manufacturers of EIFS. Ruff v. Parex. Plaintiffs
allege that the defendant manufacturers marketed and sold
EIFS as a "barrier system," when, in fact, it
allows water intrusion into the system. Plaintiffs claim
that once water has penetrated the exterior of a building,
it can become trapped within the wall and can cause
structural damage and failure of the EIFS. The defendant
manufacturers deny all allegations.
January 1996
The
National Association of Home Builders issues a report
concerning EIFS problems in North Carolina. The NAHB report
is entitled Investigation of Moisture Damage in Single
Family Detached Houses Sided with Exterior Insulation Finish
Systems in Wilmington, NC.
January 1996
A
moratorium on most EIFS construction becomes effective in
Vancouver, British Columbia. The moratorium came after the
city tried unsuccessfully for three years to abate EIFS
problems with revised building code guidelines.
March 1996
The
North Carolina Building Code Council adopts guidelines that
effectively put an end to the use of foam-based barrier EIF
systems. The regulations require manufacturers to provide a
20-year warranty on barrier EIF systems and call for any
EIFS in North Carolina to contain an internal water drainage
system starting in 1997. The guidelines further call for the
application of "drainable" EIFS for any repairs of
existing EIFS-clad houses with moisture damage problems.
March 1996
In
a brochure entitled EIFS, Water Intrusion and Wilmington,
NC, EIMA calls the problems with EIFS in Wilmington a
"unique" and "isolated problem." The
brochure includes the following statements from EIMA:
"Contractors, architects,
builders and applicators know that, when EIFS is
installed properly, it provides a water-tight exterior
building envelope, extremely effective insulation
against cold and heat, and an architecturally
sophisticated building façade."
"In no instance that we know of
has the EIFS failed to keep water out. In every case
water intrusion is attributable to one or more of the
following problems. No caulking around windows, doors or
other penetration points. Faulty caulking at penetrating
points or caulking not applied according to EIMA or
sealant manufacturer specifications. No flashing or
improper flashing at rooflines, heads of penetrations,
deck to house attachments and other joints. This is a
contravention of building codes or conventional building
practices. Windows that leak and fail to meet N.C.
Building Code requirements. In a vast majority of
water intrusion cases, substandard or improperly caulked
windows are a main culprit."
March 1996
Builder
magazine reports results of several studies of EIFS homes,
including more than 200 in North Carolina. Many of the homes
developed moisture problems inside the exterior walls that,
in some cases, caused extensive damage. The studies were
conducted by the North Carolina Home Builders Association,
the American Institute of Architects (AIA), and the EIFS
Industry Members Association (EIMA). The report noted that
much of the in-wall moisture resulted from water penetration
caused by improper caulking around windows. The North
Carolina HBA said 95 percent of randomly tested houses had
some problems, with damages averaging $3,000 to $5,000. The
AIA found unacceptable moisture levels in 90 percent of the
205 houses it tested. EIMA inspected 68 houses and found
that 20 had $1,500 or less in damages, 35 had damage of
$3,000 or less, and six had damage of more than $10,000.
March 1996
The
National Research Council of Canada (NRCC), based in Ottawa,
Canada, releases the results of their investigation on EIFS
cladding: water intrusion occurs through a variety of means,
namely windows, wall/roof intersections and wall
penetrations. The NRCC is an internationally recognized
research laboratory with specific expertise in the
performance of building envelopes. The group conducted a
field investigation on several EIFS-clad homes in Wilmington
and subsequently conducted detailed laboratory testing of
EIFS walls subjected to the climate conditions and the
construction methods typically found in the Wilmington area.
The research was performed under contract from the USG
Corporation Research Center.
March 1996
United
States Gypsum Company (USG Corporation), a major
manufacturer of EIFS, announces its plan to exit the
"barrier" EIFS market and focus on "water
management" systems only. The decision was made as a
result of water-management problems discovered on EIFS
construction in North Carolina and other areas of the
country. The company states in a press release that barrier
EIFS construction "may not be practical or reliable in
some market areas and building types." The company adds
that the problems in North Carolina "related
specifically to EIFS applications by all
manufacturers." USG Corporation says it will continue
to manufacture and market "water-management finish
systems" that feature flashing, drainage plane, and
weephole details designed to allow water that penetrates
beneath the surface to escape from the system instead of
remaining within the wall.
April 1996
An
advertisement appearing in several leading North Carolina
newspapers draws sharp criticism from the Wilmington-Cape
Fear Home Builders Association. The advertisement, placed by
EIFS manufacturer Dryvit Systems Inc., claims most problems
with EIFS are due to "substandard building
practices."
April 1996
EIFS
is considered so promising that it is used on four
"21st Century Townhouses" in the Research Home
Park of the National Association of Home Builders in Bowie,
Maryland. The townhomes are showcases for many innovative
building techniques and are a project of the NAHB Research
Center, Inc.
April 1996
The
North Carolina Office of the Attorney General directs
builders, developers and real estate agents to provide a
disclosure form to prospective purchasers of EIFS-clad homes
before any serious negotiations begin. The disclosure
statement is distributed to the North Carolina Licensing
Board for General Contractors, the North Carolina
Association of Home Builders and the North Carolina Real
Estate Commission for circulation to members and licensees.
April 1996
The
North Carolina Real Estate Commission legal staff takes the
position that the presence of EIFS on a property is a
material fact and therefore should be disclosed to
prospective purchasers. In its Real Estate Bulletin,
the Commission states the following:
"[A]gents should disclose
available information about synthetic stucco to
consumers and refer them to building inspection offices,
manufacturers, and other experts for further
information. In addition, agents may wish to refer
prospective purchasers to professional inspectors for a
thorough examination of the property."
The Commission’s position followed the release of a
Synthetic Stucco Alert from North Carolina Assistant
Attorney General David N. Kirkman.
August
1996
The
Maryland Casualty Co., the nation’s largest insurer of
builders, announces that it will no longer issue builders’
liability insurance to builders who use EIFS. The insurance
exclusion, to become effective in November, applies to new
projects and does not affect the Baltimore-based company’s
coverage of homes built before the exclusion was added. The
company informed agents in an August 26 letter that:
"[B]ecause of the very high
probability of claims against general contractors who
use EIFS, our builders should understand that the use of
EIFS is no longer insurable by The Maryland . . .
Although we have confidence in our insured’s ability
to effectively supervise work and produce a quality
result, EIFS always will present the potential for
damage. Essentially, even the best builders cannot
necessarily avoid claims if they use EIFS."
August 1996
The
Tidewater (Virginia) Builders Association and the EIFS
Industry Members Association (EIMA) roll out a training
program aimed at eliminating installation defects that have
contributed to moisture entrapment problems associated with
EIFS-clad homes. The TBA program, developed by EIMA as a
national model, will teach builders and EIFS distributers
and applicators proper building methods, materials and
maintenance for new and existing homes clad with EIFS. The
building inspection departments of Norfolk, Chesapeake,
Virginia Beach, Portsmouth, Suffolk, Franklin, and
Southampton County will require EIFS applicators to complete
the TBA training, in addition to EIFS manufacturer training.
September 1996
Lenawee
County (Michigan) Circuit Court Judge Harvey A. Koselka
issues a Temporary Restraining Order against The Maryland
Casualty Co., ordering the company to immediately cease and
desist in distributing copies of an EIFS videotape or any
other materials regarding EIFS. The TRO was sought by
Simplex Products Division of K2, Inc., which manufacturers
and sells EIFS under the trade name Finestone. The
videotape, produced and distributed by The Maryland, alleges
that EIFS products are per se defective.
October 1996
Following
the lead of The Maryland Casualty Co., the wholesale
mortgage division of Maryland-based Chevy Chase Bank issues
a bulletin that the bank will not accept any loans, in any
region where homes are constructed using any synthetic
stucco.
1997
The
Maryland Casualty Co. is folded into Zurich Commercial and
remains headquartered in Baltimore, Maryland. The company
continues to provide one of the broadest lines of commercial
property and liability insurance products and services for
construction customers in the United States. Zurich
Commercial’s construction segment is targeted to meet the
needs of builders and trade contractors.
January 1997
Regulations
requiring all EIFS for Type VI construction in North
Carolina to contain an internal water drainage system become
effective. The regulations call for a current compliance
report certifying that the system is designed to drain to
the exterior any water intrusion into the stud cavity. A
copy of the compliance report and manufacturer’s
installation instructions shall be submitted to the code
enforcement official with the permit application.
April 1997
A
Foam Board Insulation Task Force of the Georgia Department
of Community Affairs recommends a statewide ban on the use
of barrier EIFS on residential dwellings and small
commercial buildings.
July 1997
Attorneys
for homeowners, EIFS manufacturers, and various insurance
carriers, along with professional mediators and
representatives of the Consumer Protection Section of the
North Carolina Office of the Attorney General, appear before
the state and federal judges presiding over the federal and
state class action cases and announce that their most
recent, six-month effort to negotiate a settlement program
has failed.
July 1997
A
civil jury in Tacoma, Washington finds that EIFS
manufacturer Sto Corporation is not responsible for water
intrusion damage suffered by plaintiff homeowners. Mayer
v. Sto.
August 1997
U.S.
District Court Judge W. Earl Britt (USDC for the Eastern
District of North Carolina) denies a motion for class
certification brought by plaintiff homeowners in federal
court against defendant EIFS manufacturers. In re Stucco
Litigation. Britt concluded that the plaintiffs failed
to meet the prerequisites for federal class certification.
The defendant EIFS manufacturers successfully argued that
the role of third parties such as contractors, EIFS
applicators, architects, and window manufacturers, is
relevant to liability, causation, and comparative fault
determinations.
Fall 1997
National
Association of Home Builders president H. Daniel Pincus
issues a warning to all NAHB members to protect their
reputation as builders and be aware of the EIFS complaints
and lawsuits throughout the nation.
October 1997
The
application of barrier EIFS is banned in Georgia.
October 1997
The
Georgia Department of Agriculture issues a two-fold warning
to home builders regarding the increased moisture found in
EIFS clad housing: First, the increased moisture favors the
development and growth of wood destroying fungi and second,
under certain circumstances, termites may form an aerial
colony in the structure when sufficient moisture is
available.
November 1997
Illinois
State Representative Lou Lang (D-Chicago) introduces House
Resolution 273 to protect homeowners and builders from the
potential damage to their property through the use of EIFS.
January 1998
The
International Conference of Building Officials (ICBO) and
Building Administrators and Code Officials International
(BOCA), two of the three major code making bodies in the
United States, revise acceptance criteria for both barrier
and water managed EIFS.
May 1998
The
National Pest Control Association (NPCA) issues a position
update stating that EIFS may lead to wood damage and
infestation. The NPCA states that EIFS construction creates
a serious pest control crisis for two reasons: first, EIFS
structures are very prone to moisture penetration and
infestation by insects and once infested, the systems are
nearly impossible to treat; and second, the rigid foam board
used in EIFS construction frequently extends below grade
which allows it to wick up moisture and simultaneously
create an unseen route for termite entry.
May 1998
New
Hanover County Superior Court Judge Ben F. Tennille grants
preliminary approval of plan that calls for EIFS
manufacturers Senergy, Inc. and Thoro Systems Products, Inc.
to pay $20 million into a settlement fund for plaintiff
homeowners in the Ruff v. Parex state class action.
The partial class action settlement leaves seven defendant
EIFS manufacturers remaining in the lawsuit.
July 1998
The
Tennessee Residential Property Condition Disclosure Act
requires that property condition disclosure forms include
information on EIFS.
September 1998
Senergy
Corporation resigns from the EIFS Industry Members
Association (EIMA), citing philosophical differences
regarding the use of drainable EIFS in residential
construction. Senergy was an original member of EIMA and has
always been an active member of the trade association,
holding both the presidency and marketing committee
chairmanship positions three times and playing an important
role on key technical committees.
September 1998
New
Hanover County (North Carolina) Superior Court Judge Ben F.
Tennille enters a final order approving a $20 million
partial national class action settlement offered by EIFS
manufacturers Senergy, Inc. and Thoro Systems Products, Inc.
to plaintiff homeowners in the Ruff v. Parex state
class action.
October 1998
The
EIFS Industry Members Association (EIMA) announces that it
is now recommending the use of "drainage" or
"water-managed" EIFS for one and two family
residential construction.
November 1998
In
an interview with Walls & Ceilings, David Fyfe,
president and CEO of Harris Specialty Chemicals, the parent
company of Senergy, Inc., offered the following response to
the question "At what point did it become clear to
Senergy that the future of residential EIFS lay in drainage
systems?":
"The big change was that until 1996,
we had regarded ourselves as just a component of the total
building envelope. It was the builder’s responsibility to
coordinate the components and it was the builder’s
responsibility to make sure that the weaknesses of one part
were compensated by the strengths of another. That was our
naivete, to believe that we could just be regarded as a
component of the envelope, just like windows. So what we
said to ourselves is, ‘Like it or not, fair or not,
we’re going to be hung for the performance of the total
envelope including leakage of windows. So we’d better
recognize that and design the EIFS to take care of that
reality."
When asked to describe EIMA’s vision of
the proper course for the industry, Fyfe offered the
following:
"I don’t think EIMA has a
clear vision for the future of the industry. I think
that some members would hope this would all go away.
Some people believe that as long as you write some
specifications for flashing that it’s going to go away
and that you can continue to put barrier systems up. I
think they’re not recognizing some things that we’ve
recognized."
November 1998
The
first EIFS trial in North Carolina concludes with an
out-of-court settlement of a lawsuit brought by Kent and
Martha Pepper against EIFS manufacturer Sto Corp. The
Pepper’s had alleged that their Wilmington home had
sustained $220,000 in damages after water had become trapped
behind the EIFS barrier. The Pepper case was heard in New
Hanover County Superior Court, the same court with
jurisdiction over the North Carolina state class action.
November 1998
The
National Association of Home Builders issues a caution
notice to members who install barrier EIFS in their Nation’s
Building News magazine. The notice states the following:
"Members who are installing
barrier EIFS products in their homes are strongly
cautioned by NAHB that the deign of the EIFS systems,
unlike other cladding, does not allow water penetrating
the external surface of the system to drain. NAHB
believes that homes with barrier EIFS can develop
moisture intrusion problems even when properly
constructed according to industry standards. Also,
homeowners who do not diligently ensure that all
openings in the house remain properly sealed and caulked
over the life of the structure may be more likely to
encounter water intrusion problems than with other types
of cladding systems. NAHB agrees with liability
insurance carriers, relocation services, mortgage
lenders, building code officials in North Carolina and
Georgia, and others who say that barrier EIFS systems
make homes more susceptible to moisture intrusion
problems."
December 1998
Washington,
D.C.-based law firm Cohen, Milstein, Hausfeld & Toll,
P.L.L.C. files the first EIFS lawsuit in the state of
Maryland. The lawsuit, filed in the City Court of Baltimore,
alleges that EIFS manufactured by Sto Corporation and/or
Dryvit Systems, Inc. was defectively designed and caused
damage to plaintiff’s townhouses.
January 1999
New
Hanover County (North Carolina) Superior Court Judge Ben F.
Tennille entertains defendant EIFS manufacturer motions to
decertify the class in the North Carolina state class action
of plaintiff homeowners against defendant manufacturers of
EIFS. Ruff v. Parex.
March 1999
The
television newsmagazine program Dateline NBC airs its
investigation of problems associated with EIFS in a segment
entitled Is Your Home Crumbling Around You?
May 1999
New
Hanover County Inspections Department records show that 345
permits have been issued since 1996 to repair and replace
EIFS cladding. Inspections Director Jay Graham notes that
the number of houses that have been repaired could be higher
because permits are not required if repairs total less than
$5,000.
May 1999
New
Hanover County Superior Court Judge Ben F. Tennille denies
defendant EIFS manufacturer motions to decertify the class
in the North Carolina state class action of plaintiff
homeowners against defendant manufacturers of EIFS. Ruff
v. Parex. In a memorandum prepared for counsel of record
and counsel for parties moving to opt out of the litigation,
Judge Tennille notifies all parties that plaintiff
homeowners "will be permitted to proceed with their
class action on two issues only: defective design and
failure to warn." He further notifies the parties that
he will grant the defendant EIFS manufacturers’ motion for
separate trials, with the first case to be tried against the
defendant with the largest market share (Dryvit Systems,
Inc.) and the remaining cases tried in order of market
share. Judge Tennille also notifies the parties that he will
grant the defendant EIFS manufacturers’ motion for a
change of venue, noting that the first trial will take place
in Johnson County beginning October 4, 1999. A deadline of
August 31, 1999 is set for completion of discovery.
June 1999
New
Hanover County Superior Court Judge Ben F. Tennille enters
an Order and Opinion outlining the best method for
adjudication of the claims arising out of the use of EIFS in
the Ruff v. Parex class action litigation..
June 1999
U.S.
Inspect hosts first-ever Inspection Issues Symposium on
Exterior Insulation and Finish Systems.
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